There are two main types of fluid flow - laminar flow, in which the fluid flows smoothly in layers, and turbulent flow, which ...

IN a paper published in 1884, Prof. Osborne Reynolds 1 expressed the opinion that free surfaces, as found in open channels, tend to be “conducive to direct or steady motion”. Thus we should ...

Turbulent flow while proceeding in a particular direction, like laminar flow, has the added complexity of random velocity fluctuations. The flow patterns never repeat themselves. To convince yourself ...

A turbulent air assist can make scorch marks worse, not better. 3D-printed nozzle to promote laminar air flow on the left, stock nozzle on the right. As an experiment to improve the quality of the ...