There are two main types of fluid flow - laminar flow, in which the fluid flows smoothly in layers, and turbulent flow, which ...

Turbulent flow while proceeding in a particular direction, like laminar flow, has the added complexity of random velocity fluctuations. The flow patterns never repeat themselves. To convince yourself ...

IN a paper published in 1884, Prof. Osborne Reynolds 1 expressed the opinion that free surfaces, as found in open channels, tend to be “conducive to direct or steady motion”. Thus we should ...

What has happened? The phenomenon is related to the differences between laminar and turbulent boundary layer. The boundary layer and its interaction with the local pressure gradient plays a major role ...

laminar and turbulent flows; fluid flow in pipes and ducts; friction, major losses, and minor losses; boundary layer characteristics, drag, and lift. MATH.2310 Calculus III, and MATH.2360 Eng ...

The momentum flux or the force per unit area on a surface within a fluid can be separated into two components: the pressure and the shear stress. The latter is due to variations in the flow velocity, ...

A turbulent air assist can make scorch marks worse, not better. 3D-printed nozzle to promote laminar air flow on the left, stock nozzle on the right. As an experiment to improve the quality of the ...