In the ninth and tenth centuries, castles were often built of wood and easily burned down by enemies. As unrest spread across Europe and warfare began to change, castle designs had to adapt.

thriving in medieval Europe. This comprehensive study explores how the presence of Islamic minorities transformed Europe in everything from architecture to cooking, literature to science, and served ...

Christianity as a practiced religion is in retreat in most European countries ... recently by the reopening of Notre Dame in Paris. The medieval cathedral had been closed since 2019, when a ...

Medieval Europe’s diverse regional cultures were balanced by a conscious attempt to create a unified view of the world that embraced religious and social ideals, Latin and vernacular literature, and ...

After a long fast, Medieval Christendom typically celebrated the holiday with many days of raucous festivities ...

For the month-long fast of Advent, Christians in medieval Europe would abstain from drink ... came to mark the end of 12 festive days that are Christian in its foundation, and yet also bear ...