Objective To assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) compared with open microdiscectomy among patients with sciatica. Methods This economic ...

failure to improve after conservative therapy- Automated percutaneous discectomy Same as above Central or lateral recess stenosis, synovial joint cysts, sequestered or free fragments, narrow base ...

The technique of foraminal epidural endoscopic discectomy (FEES) was developed from epidural endoscopy. FEES differs from other percutaneous discectomy procedures in that direct visualization of ...