Renal culculi are commonly known as kidney stones and consist of usually crystalline deposits that accumulate in the kidney. These deposits vary in size, and most contain calcium oxalate.

Al-Awadi KA et al. (2008) Treatment of renal calculi by lithotripsy: minimizing short-term shock wave induced renal damage by using antioxidants. Urol Res 36: 51–60 Extracorporeal shock-wave ...

When evaluating stone factors, location is the first consideration in developing treatment strategies for urinary calculi. Calyceal calculi. The renal calyces are the most common location for ...