Many causes of epiphora are unrelated to anatomical problems in the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. Problems in the upper lacrimal system have often been under-recognized as a cause of epiphora.

As supply chains continue to evolve, professionals in the industry are faced with the challenges and complexities of creating sustainable supply chains in their organizations. The need to gain ...

The term functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO; watering with patent drainage) is misleading as it implies occluded drainage and solely nasolacrimal duct pathology. 'Normal' tear ...