There are two main types of fluid flow - laminar flow, in which the fluid flows smoothly in layers, and turbulent flow, which ...

Turbulent flow while proceeding in a particular direction, like laminar flow, has the added complexity of random velocity fluctuations. The flow patterns never repeat themselves. To convince yourself ...

IN a paper published in 1884, Prof. Osborne Reynolds 1 expressed the opinion that free surfaces, as found in open channels, tend to be “conducive to direct or steady motion”. Thus we should ...

What has happened? The phenomenon is related to the differences between laminar and turbulent boundary layer. The boundary layer and its interaction with the local pressure gradient plays a major role ...

A turbulent air assist can make scorch marks worse, not better. 3D-printed nozzle to promote laminar air flow on the left, stock nozzle on the right. As an experiment to improve the quality of the ...

we use powerful flow solvers and develop simulation methods for specific problems, such as, for example, the stability analysis methods NOLOT and AHLNS for the laminar-turbulent boundary layer ...