Indications. A study by Mayer and Brock [22] compared the results of percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) with microdiscectomy. All patients presented with radicular symptoms such as a ...

Currently, most endoscopic surgery is still reimbursed using the same standard microdiscectomy or laminectomy codes, but it does take extra effort, expertise, time and training that those codes don't ...

The technique of foraminal epidural endoscopic discectomy (FEES) was developed from epidural endoscopy. FEES differs from other percutaneous discectomy procedures in that direct visualization of ...