Objectives The circadian clocks are internal timing mechanisms that drive ∼24-hour rhythms in a tissue-specific manner. Many aspects of the physiology of the intervertebral disc (IVD) show clear ...
Objectives: To observe the prevalence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in elite athletes as compared with published literature of changes seen in non-athletes—that is, normal population.
Explore the anatomical details of this one-level dynamic disc model demonstrating a dynamic disc bulge, dynamic protrusion, dynamic extrusion, disc innervation, annular fissures and a detailed ...
Spondylolisthesis was always associated with a history of back pain. A low prevalence of radiological cervical intervertebral disc degeneration of all grades of severity of 8·7% was found among the ...