A thorough history can lead to information regarding medications that can contribute to punctal stenosis. Conjunctivochalasis is an under-recognized cause of upper lacrimal system epiphora.

You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. The lacrimal system consists of the lacrimal glands, the tear film in contact with the ...

The term functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO; watering with patent drainage) is misleading as it implies occluded drainage and solely nasolacrimal duct pathology. 'Normal' tear ...

This is in contrast to punctal plugs, which are used to prolong the permanence of tears on the ocular surface by inhibiting their clearance. Consequently, the use of punctal plugs should be reserved ...