The most potent stimulus to collagen I production is TGF-beta, which is derived from both paracrine and autocrine sources. Lipid peroxidation products are emerging as important stimuli to ECM ...

[4] Although pineal melatonin acts prevalently in an endocrine capacity, extra-pineal melatonin may act as an autocrine or a paracrine hormone. [5] It protects gastric mucosa against destructive ...